Traduction de «Système fondé sur l'utilisation de deux monnaies » (Français → Anglais) :

During the 14 months of its existence, its accomplishments and current projects include: work among officials from the navy, the coast guard and intelligence agencies to build a common, binational maritime awareness picture focusing on vessels of interest that represent a possible threat; the development of consequence management scenarios to assess our ability to coordinate a binational response to terrorist attacks and/or natural disasters and the development of a civil assistance plan to deal with these and other scenarios; revie ...[+++]w of the current binational agreements and development of recommendations to resolve/ identify conflicts or outdated information; development of a comprehensive database or electronic library for binational agreements and documents; review and recommend revisions to documents that form the core of our binational security cooperation, a basic security document in the combined defence plan; and perhaps most importantly, working to transform information sharing between our two nations from a need-to-know to a need-to- share paradigm.

The retail sector has been coping well with the changeover process and parallel handling of two currencies.

There are two main reasons why shadow banking needed to be regulated: first, the possibility that it might be used to get around regulation, particularly capital requirements, or to perform activities that could be managed within the traditional, regulated system, thus increasing the probability of a systemic event; and second, the fact that shadow banks' financial activities have considerable leverage; like traditional banks, they can thus expose the financial sector to panic and systemic risk.

The actions, which could either be undertaken separately or in combination depending the nature and severity of the shock, include: reduction (sale or run-off) of assets that require US dollar funding/reduction in lending; use of FX spot and swap markets to use other currencies to raise US dollars; repo or sale of liquid asset buffers; use of central bank facilities (the ECB US dollar facility and the US discount window).

The grant by governments (or special institutions controlled by and/or acting under the authority of governments) of export credits at rates below those which they actually have to pay for the funds so employed (or would have to pay if they borrowed on international capital markets in order to obtain funds of the same maturity and other credit terms and denominated in the same currency as the export credit), or the payment by them of all or part of the costs incurred by exporters or financial institutions in obtaining credits, in so far as they are used to secure a material advantage in the field of export credit terms.

2. Electronic money institutions shall have at all times own funds which are equal to or above 2 % of the higher of the current amount or the average of the preceding six months' total amount of their financial liabilities related to outstanding electronic money.