Traduction de «cyclic shift » (Anglais → Français) :

17. Points out that the anti-cyclical effects of the SGP can only work if the Member States effectively achieve a budgetary surplus in good times; calls, in this connection, for the better implementation of the preventive arm or the SGP as well; calls for a shift from the 'spend first, repay later' attitude to a 'save for a possible future emergency' principle; recalls that the SGP requires the Member States to achieve a budget that is balanced or in surplus over the medium term, meaning that a deficit of 3% is not an aim, but the absolute limit allowed for, even under the revised Pact; warns decision-makers as well as businesses to ...[+++]get used to non-conventional fiscal and monetary measures and to expect these to become the norm;

26. Welcomes the G-20 leaders' plan to reform the IMF and the World Bank and calls for those reforms to start as soon as possible; calls for a far-reaching reform of global economic and financial governance; supports the improvement of the IMF and World Bank as a core element of the effort to improve the credibility, legitimacy and effectiveness of those institutions; calls for the representation of developing countries in international financial institutions to be improved; welcomes the commitment to a shift in quota share to countries with dynamic emerging market and developing countries; recalls the importance of ...[+++] avoiding pro-cyclical policies in order to find the path to recovery;

The present increase in unemployment is largely cyclical in nature, but structural elements -- such as corporate restructuring and a shift from labour to capital -- are unmistakably playing a role also.

Then the combined impact of a series of factors (oil shocks, economic recession, shipping recession, shift of the centre of gravity of shipowners' activities to outside Europe, and introduction of new technologies for shipbuilding, repair and maintenance), transformed the plight of the European shipbuilding industry from a cyclical to a structural crisis marked by growing overcapacity and loss of competitiveness against South-East Asian yards.

MAJOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES HAVE TAKEN PLACE Industry responses to the problems of increased world competition, fluctuating energy costs, reductions in subsidies and other forms of intervention by public bodies, and the technological changes taking place can be grouped as follows: - many sectors undertook major rationalization investment, resulting in higher productivity, a reduction in the workforce and a reduction in the consumption of other inputs, such as energy and material - greater flexibility of costs was sought by many industries by moving to multipurpose production equipment (e.g. the cement industry which is now able to switch between primary energy sources depending on their relative prices) - externalization of a number of activit ...[+++]ies previously done in-house (cleaning, accounting), also in order to obtain more cost flexibility - 3 - - a clear tendency towards increased industrial cooperation is appearing with increasing numbers of joint ventures and of mergers and acquisitions, with a view of getting access to new markets or to improve their competitive position (e.g. the food sector) or in order to save costs by capitalizing on synergies in the production process (automobile, aerospace) - companies decided to make a shift or a change of their product range: either a reduced number of products (chemicals, textiles and clothing) or, on the contrary, a wider product range with a view to reducing the cyclical nature of their business (jewelry, household appliances, pulp and paper) Among the factors most referred to by industry as having induced a re- orientation of corporate strategies figure the changing competitive environment: the globalisation of trade (particularly the emergence of new competitors from the Far East) and the creation of the Single Market.

These obviously include cyclical—that's the business cycle—and short-term, very transient factors as well as structural factors, the actual nature of our economy, such as the shifting composition of output and employment across our economic activities.