Traduction de «méthode de réduction des coûts » (Français → Anglais) :

Save in cases covered by point 40, in those Member States, where, at the time of entry into force of this Recommendation, monthly rental prices for the full unbundled copper local loop fall outside the price band, NRAs should calculate costs and resulting access prices on the basis of the recommended costing methodology as soon as possible and notify the corresponding draft measure in accordance with the consultation procedure in Article 7 of Directive 2002/21/EC in due time, to ensure full implementation of the recommended costing methodology by 31 December 2016, bearing in mind the potential need for gradual price adjustments, in parti ...[+++]cular in those Member States where access prices are currently not cost oriented.

For the purposes of setting copper and NGA wholesale access prices where cost orientation is imposed as a remedy, where appropriate, proportionate and justified pursuant to Article 16(4) of Directive 2002/21/EC and Article 8(4) of Directive 2002/19/EC, NRAs should adopt a bottom-up long-run incremental costs-plus (BU LRIC +) costing methodology which includes a bottom up modelling approach using LRIC as the cost model and with the addition of a mark-up for the recovery of common costs.

NRAs should take into account the principle of regulatory transparency and predictability and the need to ensure stability without significant fluctuations when setting cost-oriented access prices, both when developing the costing methodology recommended in points 30 to 37 (the ‘recommended costing methodology’) and when implementing it once it is finalised or when using a methodology in accordance with point 40.

international emissions trading under which countries with targets will be able to buy and sell emissions credits among themselves; this will keep reduction costs low; the "Clean Development Mechanism" (CDM) under which countries with targets will be able to carry out emission reduction projects in countries without targets and count the achieved reductions against their own targets; this too will help keep costs low and at the same time assist developing countries in building their economy and social development on a climate-friendly path; "Joint Imp ...[+++]lementation" (JI) under which countries with targets will be able to carry out emission reduction projects in other countries with targets and count the achieved reductions against their own targets; this, too, is a cost reduction measure that will help spread clean technologies.

Given the advantages of alternatives once established (reduction in costs and use of animals, replacement of non-validated animal experiments by validated state-of-the-art scientific alternatives, higher through-put), and the overall expenses for animal testing (estimated as more then €3 billion per year), this appears to be a reasonable investment.

These savings were achieved through cash management practices, including the elimination of salaries, the reduction of operating costs and the deferral of certain payments.